The existence of the cosmic network ostensibly contradicts the cosmological principle, which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, that is, it appears similar everywhere (homogeneous) and identical in every direction (isotropic). How can the universe be simultaneously homogeneous and isotropic and also have a skeleton of galaxy clusters, creating vast walls in space and huge spaces between them?
The surprise of the cosmic network is that the galaxies are not scattered in space as randomly and uniformly as expected.
The physics of the anti-matter
Quantum field theory describes a surprising reality. In addition to the material we are familiar with, there is another substance, anti-matter and there is also the empty, non-material space, which is not actually empty. It contains pairs of invisible particles of matter and anti-matter, virtual pairs, random fluctuations of the fundamental state of the empty space. Surprisingly the anti-matter discovered by Dirac in the case and the fundamental state of the empty space discovered by the quantum field theory, which contains the sea of virtual pairs has a central role in nature.
Believe there was a big bang?
The universe has a date of birth, about 13.819 billion years ago. Before the big bang there was no space, there was no time, there was nothing. 2020 Nobel Laureate in Physics Roger Penrose thinks otherwise. In his opinion the almost uniform background radiation contains signals for events that happened before the Big Bang. He does not believe that there was a big swell (inflation) nor does he believe that the big bang happened at a single point in space. In his view the universe is eternal, infinite and cyclical.
The universe has a date of birth, about 13.819 billion years ago. Before the big bang there was no space, there was no time, there was nothing. Nobel Laureate in Physics for 2020, Roger Penrose, thinks otherwise. In his view the universe is eternal, infinite and cyclical
There is something new on the horizon
The universe is much larger than our horizon. According to the Hubble Law, Galaxies that are about 15 billion years away from us are on the horizon. They move away from us at a speed greater than the speed of light and we will never be able to see them.
Matter and radiation continue to form in active galactic centers in unknown amounts. This description is more suited to the cosmology of the stable quasi-state than to the cosmology of the Big Bang. Not all matter in the universe was created in the Big Bang, there is new on the horizon surfaces of black holes, The active galactic centers are perhaps the sources of the growth and expansion of the universe.
Jets of an active galactic center (Hercules A) (Photo: Jens Maus)
The physics of jets
Thomas William writes that the process of creating the jets emitted from active galactic centers is still unclear. The two-flow model suggests that the extraglactic jet consists of a “slow” spiral flow (about half the speed of light) on the shell of electrons and protons, which are accelerated in the magnetic field perpendicular to the disk plane.
The electrons and protons come mainly from the hot disk that surrounds the black hole of the active galactic center. As their concentration decreases in the center of the disc, a funnel is formed that allows the creation of a second jet flow in the center of the beam. The jet flow of the center of the beam consists of electrons and positrons that are accelerated to almost the speed of light.
Thomas Willum, the two-flow model of the jets (Illustration: Thomas Willum, the two-flow model of the jets)
The electron-positron pairs accelerated by electromagnetic radiation at the center of the beam emit forced gamma radiation, which creates additional electron-positron pairs and the process is accelerated and amplified nonlinearly. The two-jet flow model attempts to explain the incomprehensible focus of the jet beam, which is maintained at extraglectic distances of millions of parsons in space.
The model of the two jet flows tries to explain the incomprehensible focus of the jet beam, which is kept at extraglactic distances of millions of parsons in space
The physics of the strange positronium and the QED neutron
The electron-positron pairs can produce a strong bond, which was discovered in a precise solution of two Dirk equations coupled by Horace Crater and Chuk-Yin Wong. The bond length of the bonded pair is two orders of magnitude smaller than the radius of the hydrogen atom, and the bond energy of the pair is five orders of magnitude greater than that of the hydrogen atom. Crater Wang called the new related state of the positronium the strange state.
Pairs of positronium in the odd state (as well as pairs of quark and anti-quark) can be formed in the process of acceleration of the jets while emitting additional gamma rays and being injected into space by the extraglactic jet beams.
It is possible that the quantum fundamental state of the empty space of the universe, contains strange positron pairs, perhaps not entirely virtual, and they arise spontaneously as a random fluctuation of the fundamental state of the quantum field of the empty space.
The virtual pairs create the magical quantum phenomena of nature, the stability of the electrons in the atom, the existence of the non-zero fundamental state energy of the fields in the empty space, the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, the van der Waals forces between neutral molecules, the force Casimir of the empty space, the Hawking radiation from black holes and the beams at the center of the extraglactic jets.
Chuk-Yin Wong this year proposed a model for a new particle of dark matter, the QED neutron. The new neutron has the linear structure of an open string and consists of three quarks, which are bound not by nuclear forces but by electromagnetic forces. The mass of the QED neutron is approximately 44.5 megahaltron volts and it is suitable for a particle that is being tested in particle accelerators and is called the E38 boson.
The QED neutron can form in the Hawking radiation mechanism of particle and antiparticle separation on the horizon surface of black holes, in the active galactic centers, be injected into the extraglactic space by the jets and be part of the cosmic web chassis.
It is possible that the quantum elemental state in the empty space of the universe contains strange, perhaps not entirely virtual, positron pairs that pop up spontaneously. The virtual pairs create, among other things, the magical quantum phenomena of nature
The Cosmic Network
The theory of the cosmic web is relatively new. The cosmic network on the Megaparsk scale has a child. Huge clusters of galaxies create huge walls and huge spaces between them. Evidence of the existence of the cosmic network was first observed in 2014.
The small non-uniformity of the background radiation that has been preserved despite the swelling after the Big Bang may be due to the non-uniformity in the ancient universe, which led to the creation of the mighty cosmic web.
Another explanation is based on dark matter that formed the chassis of the cosmic network in the first millions of years after the Big Bang, even before the stars and galaxies in the universe were formed. The chassis gravitationally attracted visible matter and thus formed the cosmic network of galaxy clusters in the universe.
It is possible that the formation of the cosmic network has an alternative explanation that is not based on the big bang theory and the big swell. The cosmic network may have been formed gradually over billions of years by the jets of thousands of active galactic centers that produce and accelerate pairs of particles and antiparticles and matter in unknown quantities, perhaps even QED neutrons, and produce new galaxy clusters continuously.
The universe is growing, spreading and producing a huge cosmic network that probably extends beyond the horizon as well.